نشریه تحقیقات منابع طبیعی تجدید شونده
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 35، بهار و تابستان 1400)

The ecosystem value, wild pistachio species importance and the product of raw turpentine in terms of creating employment, villager’s income and supplying raw materials for chemical, pharmaceutical, food industries and exporting it to European countries is a main interest to the government. The aim of this study was to investigate the ecosystem characteristics of pistachio species and the economic value of its gum in the direction of production rise in the Zagros in the Gilan-e Gharb forests that located in Kermanshah province. The studied forest stands with 700, 2100, 700 and 1000 hectares' area, respectively, are located in Kamreh Alirezavandi, Cheshmeh Sefid, Bapir and Balaleh in Gilan-e-Gharb in a mountainous and forested area. The desired area was determined using the available maps after filed visiting. Then, for griding, the study area in 10,000-scale maps was identified. Sampling by regular random method, was performed. In addition, the area of the sample plots is 4000 m2, have been surveyed. The results showed that the mean diameter at breast height in Kamreh, Bapir, Cheshmeh Sefid and Balaleh areas equal to 31.9, 35.5, 39.3 and 30.2 cm, respectively. Furthermore, the mean number of harvestable pistachio trees in Kamareh, Bapir, Cheshmeh Sefid and Balaleh areas is 30.15, 58.3, 44.45 and 32.25, respectively. The total height of pistachio trees in Kamareh, Bapir, Cheshmeh Sefid and Balaleh habitats is 5.6, 6.1, 4.5 and 4.2, respectively. The profit amount for the wild pistachio gum exploitation includes 821.7, 1623, 1740.5 and 2116 MilionRials in the Kamreh, Bapir, Cheshmeh Sefid and Balaleh, respectively. The findings of the present study showed that knowledge of the structural characteristics and production potential of turpentine in pistachio trees in the studied forest ecosystems and extraction of their gums based on habitat capacity is a significant step to protect this species and increase rural income and empower local communities.

The symbiosis of plants with microorganisms and other living organisms helps maintain and sustain plant species. In this research, the effect of soil mineral elements with colonization and some soil characteristics on the population of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores in rhizosphere of Chaerophyllum macrospermum in spring and summer season in rangelands of Urmia Soluk waterfall in 2018 was done. The statistical results show that season and station have a significant effect on the amount of AMF spores in the local rhizosphere of the plant. The percentage of mycorrhizal colonization in summer was higher (172.26%) than spring. Also, the number of spores in the soil, the percentage of symbiosis (as root length colonization) and seasonal factor had a significant effect on the essential oil yield of the plant and the highest yield of essential oil was observed in summer. By decreasing the amount of phosphorus in the rhizospheric soil, the colonization percentage was increased. The proper indigenous type of mycorrhiza helps to absorb water, nutrients, potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen of the plant, which has resulted in increased plant life and growth under severe environmental conditions. Considering the importance of mycorrhizal symbiosis and its interaction with soil mineral elements, this information can be effective in the development of cultivation of medicinal plant Chaerophyllum macrospermum.

Management The last decade of the twentieth century has come to an end while human society has been heavily involved in environmental problems and its dangers. One of the most important environmental challenges of the last two decades is the loss of the country's rangelands. Rangelands are important because they constitute an important part of renewable resources and still depend on the lives of a significant number of humans and animals. The statistical population of this study is rangeland owners in Guilan province. The total number of rangelands in Guilan province that have rangeland management plans is equal to 6 rangelands. The sample is equal to 5 rangeland owners. The data collection tool in this research is a questionnaire and to test the research hypotheses, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling with partial least squares approach have been used. The result of the research indicates the positive and significant effect of economic, social, psychological, attitudinal and educational factors on the participation of rangeland owners in the implementation of rangeland management projects. Also, the effect of ranchers 'participation in the implementation of rangeland management projects on rangeland health, increasing livestock production and farmers' satisfaction was positive and significant. Livestock and rangeland balance is one of the most important factors in the destruction of rangelands in Guilan, and until this issue is resolved, all efforts and measures to manage, improve and rehabilitate rangelands are useless or very ineffective.

The aim of this study is to analyze media strategies and their effect on promoting environmental culture and natural resources. For this purpose, the data theory method of the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin (1988) has been used in the interpretive paradigm based on qualitative methodology. 31 in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with media and environmental experts, sociology, culture and media professors, experts from environmental protection organizations, forests, rangelands and watershed management, as well as experts from the General Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Isfahan Province. The interviewees confirmed the interpretation of the interviews to assess the validity, and at the end, a summary of the formulated model was presented to several professors, and their opinions were collected for correction and adjustment. The main topic of the research was "Media and the promotion of environmental culture and natural resources." Research strategies include environmental education from childhood, audience studies, holding art festivals, producing movies and series, creating an environmental group in the media, launching multimedia services, highlighting the halal and haram environment in the Jurisprudence, publishing the effects of environmental and natural resources destruction, creating a campaign, educating journalists, preserving the appearance of environmental factors and natural resources, promoting environmental literacy by analyzing natural resources and environmental issues, reforming the thinking of abundant resources, characterization, production Qualitative content, prioritization of national media, presentation of green life plan, behavioral modeling of employees of responsible organizations, funding and support of media, creation of media communication system and environment and natural resources obtained from coding steps.

Climate change is one of the most important challenges that influening natural ecosystems and have different effects on precipitation, temperature, intensity and frequency of droughts and floods and hydrological parameters of watersheds. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of climate change on the trend of changes in temperature, precipitation and solar radiation and also to determine the effect of changes in these variables on the recharge of the Karaj watershed. In this study first using the outputs of the two HadCM3 and CGCM1 global models, and using SDSM micro-scale model, climatic variables were simulated for three decades (2010- 2039, 2040-2069 and 2070-2098). In the next step, using HELP model, the rate of groundwater recharge was estimated and the effect of changing these variables on the amount of natural recharge was investigated. Also the results showed that this model is highly sensitive to evapotranspiration. Result of simulating climatic variables under A2 climate change scenario show that in future decades, amount of temperature, precipitation and solar radiation will be increase (1.5, 2.8 and 4.55 percent), decrease (8.1, 15.1 and 18 percent) and increase (0.5, 1.4 and 2.4 percent), respectively. Result of simulating the amount of groundwater recharge using model under A2 climate change scenario show that in future decades, amount of groundwater recharge will be decrease (9.6, 15.1 and 15.6 percent). Also research result show that HELP model is highly sensitive to evapotranspiration amount.

This research was aimed to investigate on the physical, anatomical and fiber biometrical properties of orange wood (Citrus Spp.). For this purpose, six discs of orange wood (Citrus Spp.) trunk from the Tonkabon region were randomly chosen. The samples were prepared for measured fiber biometrical, physical and anatomical properties by using Franklin and ASTM standard test methods respectively. The results showed that wood of orange wood had semi-ring porous, vessels are pairs of 2-3 group's vessels with simple aperture. The parenchyma's were longitudinal and around the vessels. There were a lot of heterogeneous rays in orange wood. The average of the number and vessel diameter were 14 and 89.5, ray thickness 41.4, fiber length 734.1, Runkel coefficient 136, dry density 0.75gr/cm3, basic density0. 64 gr/cm3, shrinkage and porosity 16.5 % and 49.2% percent, respectively. The results also indicated that orange wood properties were very fit and same the hard woods. The results also pointed out that the above-mentioned of orange wood properties can to replace some or full of the raw material for production pulp and paper, fiber board, particle board and another wood composition boards in the wood and paper industries.

From the perspective of urban planning and management, the criteria for the distribution of parks, in terms of the scope of influence and the benefits of the surrounding areas, is of particular importance. The main purpose of this study; Determining and evaluating the influence area of each type of urban parks in Tabriz. The map of urban parks was produced based on updating the land use map extracted from the detailed plan of Tabriz using satellite imagery and fieldworks in a combined method. Then the map of Tabriz city parks according to their area were prepared in 5 categories of parks; Mini, Neighborhood, Regional, Community and Mountain parks and the influence radius of each park was applied in GIS as a buffer based on internal research. The results showed that none of the ten districts of Tabriz Municipality are desirable in terms of covering the influence of "neighborhood" parks and the need to develop this type of parks in the whole city is serious. District 1, 2 and 8 are in a good position to cover the area of ​​influence area of "Regional" parks. Most districts, except 9 and 5, are covered by "Community" parks. "Mountain" parks cover almost all the ten districts of Tabriz and district 1 is in the best condition in terms of being within the influence area of all types of parks. In terms of social and psychological functions of parks, although the existence of Metropolitan parks is necessary to attract large local populations and tourists, but the great impact of "Mini" and "Neighborhood" parks in addition to ecological functions, in family entertainment and ultimately increase social vitality should not be ignored.

The present study investigated the effect of nanoliposome-coated astaxanthin (NA) in the diet on growth indices of rainbow trout. A total of 375 fish with an average initial weight of 31.00±2.00 g were divided into five treatments including 0 (control), 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg kg-1 NA. Each treatment had three replications and each replication contained 25 pieces of fish that were randomly stored in 15 tanks with capacity of 200 liter and fed with food related to the same treatment for 60 days. The results showed that the highest percentage of weight gain (225.22±13.80) was related to the treatment of 75 mg kg-1 NA and the lowest (194.57±12.88) was related to the treatment of 100 mg kg-1 NA. Also, the highest daily growth rate (%) with 2.51±0.10 g d-1 was from the treatment of 75 mg kg-1 NA, which was significantly higher than the amount in the control (p <0.05). The highest rate of food efficiency was from the treatment of 75 mg kg-1 NA. The finding of the present study indicated that 83.61 mg NA has the best effect on the growth of rainbow trout and is recommended for culturing of this fish.

This article presents a novel zoning model for protected areas, emphasizing habitat connectivity analysis, in Varjin protected area, province of Tehran. Protected areas are an approach to biodiversity conservation and the provision of ecosystem services in ecologically valuable areas. Habitat connectivity analysis is becoming more important by increasing the intensity of human pressures and the emergence of resilience-based management plans. As a result, the location of each patch in the whole landscape plays a vital role in conservation. Considering this perspective, the zoning pattern of Varjin protected areas is discussed in this article based on habitat patches of wild sheep (Ovis orientalis). The selected connectivity indices are IF (patch scale) and IIC (landscape scale), modeled based on graph theory in the Graphab software and calculated on the Euclidean distance. After overlaying the obtained results, the patches on the east side of the region (patches 1 and 4) in both scales (local and landscape) have the highest index values. The results show 0.75 and 0.56 for the IIC index and 3.17E+15 and 3.84E+12 for the IF index. It is determined that patches located on the east side of the area (patches 1 and 4) at both scales show the highest index levels and should be prioritized in conservation plans. Finally, new areas for conservation have been introduced by overlaying the maps of habitat connectivity and conservation zoning of Varjin Protected Area. This article introduces the connectivity analysis for biodiversity conservation as a new step in developing a protected area zoning pattern. The model can be used for other areas as well.

Nitrate pollution is a pervasive and international challenge worldwide and trigger various environmental issues and negative effects on the earth. Therefore, studies and researches in the field of nitrate reduction from drinking water are crucial. The present study synthesized activated carbon from plum kernel and then the effect of activated carbon produced in reducing the concentration of nitrate in the water of wells supplying drinking water in Mallard region. In this study, a sample of activated carbon adsorbent was synthesized by pyrolysis furnace method. The structure of synthesized activated carbon was confirmed using XRD, FTIR and BET analyzes. The results showed that at 25 °C, 120 min, pH=5 and with the activated carbon 80 mg L-1, nitrate concentration can be reduced 45%. Studies in Friendlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm models also showed that the nitrate adsorption process completely followed the Langmuir adsorption equation and the value of R2 was 85 percent. The findings of the present study showed that activated carbon synthesized from plum kernel lingocellulosic residue is an acceptable option for reducing nitrate from aqueous solutions.

This study tried to analyze the relationship between tourism and the destruction of Hormuz Island as one of the important tourism destinations in Iran by analyzing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of tourism through a questionnaire and SWOT matrix, and finally, management strategies were presented. The results showed that the progress of the Island requires serious management actions promptly to prevent the destruction of the environment and attractions of Hormoz Island. Based on the analysis of the matrix of internal and external factors, the evaluation of the internal and external environment was equal to 2.37 and 2.07, respectively, which led to the selection of defensive strategies (WT) as the best strategies. Among the defensive strategies, the strategy of setting rules for buying and selling and preventing of launching tourism-related businesses by non-indigenous people to support the local community and preventing capital outflow from Hormoz Island was selected as the first management priority and the second strategy of regional management for tourism was to establish an electronic system to record the entry and exit of ecotourists to the pristine beaches to reduce damages to the ecosystems and encouraging tourists to use ecotourism resorts to support the local community.

Nowadays, the application of clustering methods is widely increased, although choosing the right method due to the existence of different method and effective factors is difficult. The present study aimed to compare the results of widely used clustering algorithms and to determine the most effective methods according to the different evaluators and evaluate the effective distance measurement method for clustering algorithms. The data of Hyrcanian beech forests were examined in an area protected by the department of natural resources of Nowshahr. Random-systematic sampling method with regular grid of 100×200 m was used for determining the center of sample plots; 100-m2 (10×10 m) sample plots had been used to check the shrub species and 400-m2 (20×20 m) to check the herbaceous species. A total of 120 sample plots were measured. The abundance and coverage of tree, shrub and herbaceous species were estimated based on Braun-Blanquette scale. Three distance methods of measuring distance Bray Curtis, Hellinger and Manhattan were used and five clustering methods (Average method clustering methods, Ward method, flexible beta method with beta values ​​of -0.1, -0.25, -0.4) with six evaluation indicators (silhouette evaluation criterion, PARATNA criterion, Indval criterion, ISAMIC criterion, MRPP criterion and Phi correlation coefficient) were examined. Different clustering algorithms were arranged from best to worst for each dataset. The comparison analysis revealed that Ward’s and flexible-beta with beta value of -0.1 had the best performance. The present findings illustrated that Hellinger distance measurement method is better in homogeneous data than other distance measurement methods.